Dear Students 2008/2009

Sunday, November 2, 2008

Unit 1 Vocabulary List

Unit i 1: Vocabulary List in Alphabetical Order and Page Mumber

A
ability 26 27 48
achievement 18, 63
acquire (v) 17, 103
act (v) 11, 122
adapt to (v) 26
adjust 12,
adopted 22, 102
advice 15
allow (v) 27, 48, 120
appropriate 21, 92
approve 103
argument 20
article 11, 12,.
audience 19, 67
average 20, 34, 40
aware (of) 12, 104
awareness 17, 133

B
background 10, 75, 155
behaviour 9, 103
belief 12, 48, 67
believe (v) 9, 29, 48 70
belong (to) 12, 104 115
break (down) 13
business 21, 50, 84

C
celebrate 21, 63
characteristics 13
choice 18 , 29
common 10,12,20
community 17, 117, 143
conflict 11, 28, 116, 117
controlled 18
creative 18
cultural 9, 89, 104
culture 10,11,12
customs 13

D
decision 28, 48
define 9
degree 16,45,56,61
demand 116,152
democracy 17,38,116
describe 14,22,23
design 23,45
detailed 28
developed 13,50,65
differences 11, 133
different 11,68
disagree 14,38,48
draft 19,115
due to 13,80,83

E
edit 20,34,68,92
education 26 , 48 ,133
effective 18
enhance 21, 90, 108,135
equality 18, 29, 74, 77, 143
estimated 85
evaluation 2, 6, 7, 42
excel 24, 66, 159
extract 22, 60, 61, 132

F
family 14, 18, 37, 66, 70, 94
favour 19, 120, 132, 133
flexible 12
focus 19, 61, 67, 90, 108
follow 4, 6, 29, 31, 36, 46, 47
food 23, 41, 99, 116, 118
foreigner 14
formal 3, 8, 130-141, 153
forward 26, 56, 58, 132, 144
freedom 18, 74, 102, 104, 111

G
gender 12,27,65,71
generation 10, 28, 48, 58
gift 2, 6, 9, 21, 25, 66, 158
global 22, 50, 81, 116, 122
goal 2, 31, 68, 1o7, 116
graduate 24, 32, 40, 42, 61

H
happened 4, 24, 31, 43, 55
hearted 18
health 5, 11, 20, 28,38, 90
honour 11, 133
hospitable 14
host 21, 81
however 5, 27, 50, 68, 97,
humour 3, 5, 7, 8, 69, 88-100

I
idea 2, 10, 12, 15, 37, 40
identify 12, 13, 38, 47,49
impress 24, 36, 43
improve 2, 40, 79, 112, 117
include 2, 41, 99
increasing 33,44,56,85,94,
informal 8, 79, 130-140
information 20, 25, 29, 41
international 5
interpret 7, 9, 10, 23,45
interview 12, 81,82,91,92
issue 11, 86, 90, 103, 117

K
keep 11,17,19

L
lack 5, 11, 44, 83
log 22, 41, 128
love 18, 102

N
natural 11, 12, 47
non-formal 130-141
normal 11
note 14,16,21,36,55,62,65
notice 14,15,24,31,51

O
obey 12 , 104
only 14,27,29167
ought to 15, 163
opportunity 18 , 48, 82

P
performance 16, 75
personal 18, 21,28
position 19, 65
prevent 12
problems 12, 26, 27
promote (v) 21 106
proverb 12, 36
provide 22, 116
pull 24, 90
purpose 20, 52,66

R
read 11, 16, 20
refer 11, 20, 50
reflect 20, 90, 102
relevant 20
respect (n) 17, 21, 105
respect (v) 12, 124
respond 16, 42
result 19, 84, 85
rock 23,

S
search 22, 35
secure 144
security 18, 118
seem 12, 58, 61
sense 20, 48
share 11, 65, 104
similarities 11, 23,42
sincere 18
social 12, 17, 23
specific 11, 12, 40
stereotypes12
strengthen 12, 27, 51

study (n) 11, 23
submit 24, 44, 77
such 12, 16, 22
suggest 15, 72, 109
summary 20, 108
summit 14
sum (up) 68
support (v) 12, 19, 37
system 19, 61, 82

T
take 12, 15, 64
take care (of) 18
teaching 24, 89, 91
terms 12, 14, 84
test (n) 15, 72, (v) 136
theme 20, 73, 100
together 19, 30, 48
topic 19, 66, 90
tour 24, 42
trade 22, 105
tools 23
towards 14, 29, 103
truth 20

U
understanding (n) 11, 13
unfortunately 12
unlike 12, 68
use (v) 12, 22, 94
use (n) 125, 150

V
values 10, 13, 17
view 11, 14, 47, 21, 65

W
way of life 10, 11
welfare 18
western 14, 85, 148
willing to (adj) 18, 27
win 31,43, 63
wrong 12, 38, 82

The Phrasal Verbs

PHRASAL VERBS

SEPARABLE AND NONSEPERABLE

The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and a preposition which together have a special meaning.

For example, to take off means:

(1) to remove clothing;

(2) to leave on a trip.

Phrasal verbs are also called two-word verbs or three-word verbs.
There are two types of phrasal verbs:

-->Separable.

-->Nonseparable.

With a separable phrasal verb, a noun may come either between the verb and the preposition or after the preposition as in this example:
I put my jacket on or I put on my jacket.BUT if we replace the noun by a pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) like in this example:(my jacket --->it ), the pronoun always comes between the verb and the preposition.
I put it on.

(NOT: I put on it )

With a nonseparable phrasal verb, a noun or pronoun must follow the preposition as in this example:

I always get off the bus near the pharmacy.

(NOT: I always get the bus off or I always get it off)

Practice your phrasal verbs here

Try these Useful Links too

Thursday, October 30, 2008

WRITING: The paragraph

1. The Topic Sentence

Definitions, descriptions, and examples:

A topic sentence is a general statement that expresses the main idea of a paragraph.

A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one main idea.
The main idea is the general statement that the other sentences support or explain.
The general statement of the main idea is also called the topic sentence.
The topic sentence has two main parts:

subject: what the paragraph is about
focus: what the paragraph is going to say about the subject.

Examples:

Most adults / find learning a foreign language difficult.
subject / focus
Telephones / intrude into the privacy of our daily lives.
subject / focus
Parents of teenagers / often feel unappreciated.
subject / focus

A topic sentence sets up one paragraph which is usually less than a page of text;
therefore, the topic sentence should be general, but not too general.

Too general: Sports are exciting.
Still too general: Watching a football game keeps me involved.
Much better: Watching the Spanish Liga match between Barcelona and Madrid kept me on the edge of my chair.

General guidelines for creating effective topic sentences:

1. A topic sentence should always be a complete sentence.
2. A topic sentence should not merely state a single fact.
3. A topic sentence should be a general statement but not too broad or too vague.

Location of the topic sentence in a paragraph

A topic sentence may come at the beginning, as the second sentence, at the end, or may be implied. It is preferable that the topic sentence come at the beginning of the paragraph.

2. The Supporting Sentences

Consider this short paragraph:

My hometown, Kingston, is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Princeton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Queenston Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep.

When you read this topic sentence:

My hometown Kingston, is famous for several amazing natural features.

A question comes to your mind:
What are the natural features that make Kingston famous?
You then expect that the rest of the paragraph will give an answer to this question.
Now look at the sentences after the topic sentence.

First, it is noted for the Princeton River, which is very wide and beautiful.

It gives an answer to this question. That is, the second sentence gives some explanation for the fact that Kingston is a famous town. Similarly, we can see that the third sentence also gives some explanation for the fact that Kingston is famous by giving another example of an "amazing natural feature," in this case, Queenston Hill.

The second and third sentences are called supporting details. They are called "supporting" because they "support," or explain, the idea expressed in the topic sentence. Of course, paragraphs in English often have more than two supporting ideas. The paragraph above is actually a very short paragraph. At minimum, you should have at least five sentences in your paragraph. Here we can see our paragraph about Kingston with a few more supporting sentences:

My hometown Kingston is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Princeton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Queenston Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old.

3. The Concluding Sentence

It is usually a sentence at the end of the paragraph which summarizes the information that has been presented. You can think of a concluding sentence as a sort of topic sentence in reverse.
The topic sentence and concluding sentence hold the supporting sentences in the paragraph. Look at the concluding sentence in our paragraph about Kingston:

My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Princeton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Queenston Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place.

The concluding sentence,

These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place,

summarizes the information in the paragraph. It is similar to, but not exactly the same as, the topic sentence.

4. Details in Paragraphs

Whenever possible, you should include enough details in your paragraph to help your reader understand exactly what you are writing about. In the paragraph about Kingston, three natural landmarks are mentioned, but we do not know very much about them. For example, we could add a sentence or two about Princeton river concerning HOW wide it is or WHY it is beautiful.

Consider this revision:

My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Princeton River, which is very wide and beautiful. On either side of this river, which is 175 feet wide, are many willow trees which have long branches that can move gracefully in the wind. In autumn the leaves of these trees fall and cover the riverbanks like golden snow. Also, on the other side of the town is Queenston Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. Even though it is steep, climbing this hill is not dangerous; some firm rocks along the sides can be used as stairs. There are no trees around this hill, so it stands clearly against the sky and can be seen from many miles away. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place.

We can also add more details to the paragraph to describe the third natural feature of the area, the Big Old Tree.